Drive Efficiency
Every team gets about a dozen possessions a game. This is what they do with them, and what they give up.
Points per drive, both directions
Scoring across, points allowed up. Fast and slow teams compare fairly here, because it is per possession. Top right is best.
Sorted by Points per drive (offense). Every possession is an opportunity; this is what one is worth. Tap any column to re-sort.
| # | Team | Conf | PPD | Start | Avail | Opp | PPO | 3&out | Expl | TD | TO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | North Texas | American Athletic | 4.00 | own 34.1 | 71.1% | 73.4% | 5.58 | 14.0% | 21.7% | 55.2% | 16.1% |
| 2 | Vanderbilt | SEC | 3.85 | own 29.0 | 67.1% | 69.8% | 5.51 | 15.5% | 23.3% | 50.9% | 17.2% |
| 3 | Notre Dame | FBS Independents | 3.84 | own 32.5 | 68.1% | 70.3% | 5.46 | 17.0% | 24.6% | 53.4% | 18.6% |
| 4 | Indiana | Big Ten | 3.69 | own 32.3 | 66.6% | 67.8% | 5.50 | 17.1% | 19.2% | 48.6% | 9.6% |
| 5 | USC | Big Ten | 3.53 | own 27.6 | 68.2% | 69.6% | 5.15 | 13.6% | 22.4% | 44.0% | 18.4% |
| 6 | Utah | Big 12 | 3.52 | own 28.4 | 64.1% | 63.3% | 5.56 | 18.0% | 20.3% | 46.9% | 13.3% |
| 7 | Ohio State | Big Ten | 3.43 | own 29.3 | 67.1% | 67.6% | 5.08 | 12.6% | 16.2% | 44.1% | 10.8% |
| 8 | Ole Miss | SEC | 3.33 | own 28.5 | 62.9% | 69.7% | 4.77 | 18.4% | 17.1% | 38.8% | 12.5% |
| 9 | Tennessee | SEC | 3.27 | own 29.5 | 62.1% | 61.0% | 5.48 | 17.1% | 20.3% | 43.9% | 10.6% |
| 10 | Texas State | Sun Belt | 3.21 | own 28.6 | 61.3% | 64.1% | 5.01 | 19.5% | 20.3% | 39.8% | 16.4% |
| 11 | UConn | FBS Independents | 3.14 | own 31.4 | 57.7% | 61.4% | 5.12 | 19.7% | 17.3% | 37.8% | 6.3% |
| 12 | Air Force | Mountain West | 3.13 | own 28.5 | 61.2% | 64.6% | 4.84 | 13.1% | 14.1% | 40.4% | 22.2% |
| 13 | Navy | American Athletic | 3.12 | own 30.2 | 61.7% | 62.5% | 4.99 | 20.5% | 19.6% | 41.1% | 19.6% |
| 14 | Oregon | Big Ten | 3.09 | own 31.5 | 60.4% | 66.9% | 4.70 | 15.5% | 23.2% | 39.4% | 17.6% |
| 15 | Georgia | SEC | 3.08 | own 29.1 | 57.1% | 56.0% | 5.49 | 19.4% | 11.2% | 38.8% | 12.7% |
| 16 | James Madison | Sun Belt | 3.06 | own 31.6 | 59.2% | 64.3% | 4.84 | 21.7% | 17.5% | 40.6% | 14.0% |
| 17 | Washington | Big Ten | 3.06 | own 29.3 | 58.6% | 61.4% | 4.99 | 19.3% | 20.2% | 40.4% | 19.3% |
| 18 | Duke | ACC | 3.04 | own 31.3 | 60.2% | 61.0% | 4.99 | 22.8% | 12.5% | 40.4% | 14.7% |
| 19 | South Florida | American Athletic | 3.02 | own 29.2 | 58.9% | 61.5% | 4.91 | 21.0% | 23.8% | 37.8% | 16.1% |
| 20 | Penn State | Big Ten | 2.96 | own 32.1 | 55.1% | 59.5% | 4.99 | 22.5% | 11.7% | 36.9% | 18.0% |
| 21 | UNLV | Mountain West | 2.90 | own 28.1 | 58.5% | 58.2% | 5.08 | 17.9% | 20.9% | 38.1% | 17.2% |
| 22 | Georgia Tech | ACC | 2.86 | own 28.3 | 61.4% | 62.6% | 4.67 | 21.7% | 15.7% | 33.9% | 15.7% |
| 23 | Miami | ACC | 2.85 | own 31.5 | 55.7% | 62.1% | 4.59 | 18.3% | 13.1% | 35.9% | 13.1% |
| 24 | Texas Tech | Big 12 | 2.82 | own 36.7 | 54.1% | 61.0% | 4.63 | 22.6% | 11.9% | 33.3% | 18.2% |
| 25 | Illinois | Big Ten | 2.76 | own 29.5 | 57.0% | 59.5% | 4.74 | 18.1% | 12.1% | 33.6% | 19.0% |
| 26 | Florida State | ACC | 2.75 | own 29.0 | 59.8% | 63.6% | 4.33 | 17.3% | 18.2% | 35.4% | 23.6% |
| 27 | Memphis | American Athletic | 2.73 | own 30.2 | 56.1% | 58.1% | 4.81 | 20.2% | 10.8% | 35.7% | 15.5% |
| 28 | Arkansas | SEC | 2.72 | own 26.8 | 59.0% | 64.0% | 4.45 | 20.7% | 19.8% | 36.0% | 21.6% |
| 29 | Michigan | Big Ten | 2.70 | own 31.3 | 56.0% | 60.2% | 4.49 | 24.8% | 12.0% | 33.1% | 18.1% |
| 30 | Texas A&M | SEC | 2.65 | own 32.3 | 56.3% | 58.0% | 4.78 | 20.3% | 15.2% | 35.5% | 14.5% |
| 31 | Cincinnati | Big 12 | 2.63 | own 28.0 | 52.7% | 57.8% | 4.76 | 31.0% | 18.1% | 34.5% | 15.5% |
| 32 | SMU | ACC | 2.63 | own 28.7 | 50.5% | 53.2% | 4.96 | 29.5% | 17.3% | 33.1% | 13.0% |
| 33 | UTSA | American Athletic | 2.63 | own 31.4 | 54.2% | 56.8% | 4.91 | 21.6% | 17.3% | 36.0% | 14.4% |
| 34 | Army | American Athletic | 2.63 | own 29.4 | 54.2% | 57.6% | 4.56 | 18.2% | 7.1% | 32.3% | 24.2% |
| 35 | Iowa | Big Ten | 2.62 | own 34.4 | 52.5% | 58.1% | 4.54 | 22.2% | 10.3% | 30.8% | 12.8% |
| 36 | Alabama | SEC | 2.62 | own 29.1 | 53.1% | 55.6% | 4.80 | 26.7% | 11.8% | 33.3% | 14.8% |
| 37 | BYU | Big 12 | 2.61 | own 30.5 | 54.6% | 59.7% | 4.38 | 18.7% | 9.0% | 30.6% | 18.7% |
| 38 | Arizona | Big 12 | 2.61 | own 35.3 | 56.6% | 64.4% | 4.13 | 20.0% | 11.8% | 32.6% | 14.8% |
| 39 | Rutgers | Big Ten | 2.60 | own 27.9 | 58.1% | 62.2% | 4.17 | 22.5% | 10.8% | 33.3% | 18.9% |
| 40 | Tulane | American Athletic | 2.56 | own 34.7 | 61.2% | 63.9% | 4.00 | 26.5% | 14.3% | 29.3% | 18.4% |
| 41 | Texas | SEC | 2.55 | own 32.4 | 51.7% | 56.8% | 4.49 | 23.0% | 13.7% | 30.9% | 10.8% |
| 42 | TCU | Big 12 | 2.55 | own 30.3 | 53.7% | 59.5% | 4.55 | 25.2% | 11.5% | 35.1% | 18.3% |
| 43 | Georgia Southern | Sun Belt | 2.55 | own 28.4 | 53.6% | 54.0% | 4.72 | 27.0% | 8.7% | 30.9% | 14.3% |
| 44 | Nebraska | Big Ten | 2.52 | own 31.6 | 56.1% | 58.3% | 4.43 | 22.6% | 15.7% | 31.3% | 20.0% |
| 45 | Ohio | Mid-American | 2.50 | own 30.3 | 55.4% | 59.0% | 4.28 | 18.8% | 15.4% | 34.2% | 21.4% |
| 46 | New Mexico | Mountain West | 2.50 | own 29.1 | 52.0% | 54.6% | 4.81 | 25.9% | 11.1% | 32.4% | 21.3% |
| 47 | East Carolina | American Athletic | 2.48 | own 30.9 | 53.9% | 60.1% | 4.37 | 18.8% | 12.3% | 32.6% | 19.6% |
| 48 | Old Dominion | Sun Belt | 2.46 | own 30.6 | 56.5% | 57.2% | 4.39 | 22.8% | 17.2% | 31.7% | 20.7% |
| 49 | NC State | ACC | 2.46 | own 28.4 | 49.3% | 47.3% | 5.34 | 27.1% | 11.6% | 34.1% | 15.5% |
| 50 | Missouri | SEC | 2.45 | own 29.6 | 54.1% | 54.4% | 4.60 | 22.4% | 15.2% | 32.0% | 18.4% |
| 51 | Kansas State | Big 12 | 2.44 | own 30.4 | 48.6% | 50.0% | 5.00 | 26.3% | 11.0% | 31.4% | 17.8% |
| 52 | Houston | Big 12 | 2.41 | own 29.8 | 51.5% | 54.6% | 4.61 | 22.3% | 13.9% | 30.0% | 16.2% |
| 53 | Boise State | Mountain West | 2.37 | own 29.7 | 51.0% | 54.4% | 4.35 | 22.4% | 9.5% | 30.6% | 23.8% |
| 54 | Marshall | Sun Belt | 2.37 | own 32.0 | 51.1% | 50.8% | 4.66 | 21.9% | 13.3% | 28.1% | 14.8% |
| 55 | Northwestern | Big Ten | 2.35 | own 30.4 | 54.0% | 59.8% | 3.92 | 22.3% | 8.9% | 25.9% | 24.1% |
| 56 | South Alabama | Sun Belt | 2.35 | own 27.6 | 50.4% | 52.5% | 4.69 | 26.3% | 7.6% | 33.1% | 18.6% |
| 57 | Kansas | Big 12 | 2.34 | own 29.5 | 53.4% | 56.0% | 4.44 | 20.2% | 9.2% | 31.2% | 16.5% |
| 58 | Virginia | ACC | 2.33 | own 32.2 | 52.4% | 59.6% | 4.08 | 21.3% | 8.5% | 28.4% | 18.4% |
| 59 | Utah State | Mountain West | 2.33 | own 28.9 | 46.9% | 50.3% | 4.75 | 31.0% | 18.6% | 30.3% | 10.3% |
| 60 | Pittsburgh | ACC | 2.32 | own 31.9 | 51.0% | 54.7% | 4.34 | 23.0% | 12.2% | 28.1% | 19.4% |
| 61 | Louisville | ACC | 2.32 | own 33.7 | 48.4% | 54.8% | 4.35 | 25.2% | 12.6% | 28.1% | 9.6% |
| 62 | Baylor | Big 12 | 2.31 | own 28.7 | 56.5% | 61.3% | 3.96 | 16.0% | 10.9% | 28.6% | 31.1% |
| 63 | Iowa State | Big 12 | 2.26 | own 29.2 | 53.7% | 58.2% | 4.00 | 22.7% | 10.0% | 28.2% | 17.3% |
| 64 | Delaware | Conference USA | 2.26 | own 29.0 | 52.0% | 55.5% | 4.36 | 23.4% | 15.3% | 29.2% | 20.4% |
| 65 | Missouri State | Conference USA | 2.26 | own 29.0 | 48.7% | 50.0% | 4.63 | 21.5% | 17.7% | 28.5% | 13.1% |
| 66 | Toledo | Mid-American | 2.25 | own 30.8 | 49.0% | 53.3% | 4.22 | 25.9% | 16.3% | 29.6% | 17.8% |
| 67 | Clemson | ACC | 2.25 | own 29.5 | 52.5% | 52.7% | 4.37 | 26.4% | 7.8% | 27.9% | 18.6% |
| 68 | Liberty | Conference USA | 2.25 | own 29.9 | 50.0% | 50.0% | 4.49 | 24.6% | 14.9% | 27.2% | 22.8% |
| 69 | Hawai'i | Mountain West | 2.21 | own 29.7 | 51.9% | 53.4% | 4.63 | 19.1% | 10.7% | 27.5% | 16.0% |
| 70 | Florida Atlantic | American Athletic | 2.19 | own 30.6 | 52.9% | 55.2% | 4.11 | 17.2% | 12.1% | 27.6% | 37.1% |
| 71 | Temple | American Athletic | 2.16 | own 28.9 | 46.4% | 42.1% | 5.13 | 29.0% | 11.2% | 28.0% | 7.5% |
| 72 | Kennesaw State | Conference USA | 2.14 | own 28.7 | 51.2% | 50.7% | 4.41 | 27.7% | 12.2% | 29.0% | 14.9% |
| 73 | Eastern Michigan | Mid-American | 2.13 | own 25.0 | 48.7% | 51.3% | 4.30 | 26.5% | 12.0% | 25.6% | 16.2% |
| 74 | Arizona State | Big 12 | 2.12 | own 27.2 | 53.4% | 54.0% | 3.93 | 24.1% | 11.7% | 24.1% | 23.4% |
| 75 | Jacksonville State | Conference USA | 2.12 | own 28.6 | 52.0% | 53.1% | 4.20 | 21.0% | 15.4% | 25.9% | 16.1% |
| 76 | UAB | American Athletic | 2.12 | own 28.0 | 50.8% | 54.5% | 4.00 | 19.6% | 11.6% | 27.7% | 32.1% |
| 77 | Washington State | Pac-12 | 2.11 | own 29.0 | 49.4% | 50.4% | 4.44 | 27.2% | 11.2% | 27.2% | 18.4% |
| 78 | Florida International | Conference USA | 2.11 | own 30.7 | 47.2% | 51.0% | 4.32 | 28.2% | 11.4% | 26.9% | 24.2% |
| 79 | Louisiana | Sun Belt | 2.09 | own 28.7 | 46.1% | 49.2% | 4.60 | 31.1% | 9.1% | 26.5% | 12.9% |
| 80 | Western Kentucky | Conference USA | 2.09 | own 27.9 | 46.4% | 51.8% | 4.22 | 28.1% | 10.1% | 27.3% | 18.0% |
| 81 | Southern Miss | Sun Belt | 2.09 | own 28.5 | 48.9% | 52.1% | 4.19 | 25.0% | 10.0% | 27.9% | 15.7% |
| 82 | Louisiana Tech | Conference USA | 2.08 | own 29.6 | 46.9% | 50.0% | 4.15 | 30.6% | 9.7% | 26.1% | 16.4% |
| 83 | Mississippi State | SEC | 2.07 | own 27.6 | 48.6% | 49.6% | 4.66 | 26.6% | 11.2% | 28.0% | 15.4% |
| 84 | California | ACC | 2.06 | own 29.7 | 49.1% | 46.9% | 4.75 | 25.0% | 8.6% | 28.9% | 14.1% |
| 85 | Auburn | SEC | 2.05 | own 28.2 | 47.8% | 51.7% | 4.12 | 28.1% | 6.1% | 23.7% | 13.2% |
| 86 | Western Michigan | Mid-American | 2.04 | own 31.1 | 50.7% | 53.0% | 3.89 | 24.2% | 8.3% | 26.5% | 18.9% |
| 87 | Wake Forest | ACC | 2.03 | own 29.7 | 45.3% | 48.2% | 4.31 | 29.5% | 10.8% | 24.5% | 16.6% |
| 88 | Miami (OH) | Mid-American | 1.96 | own 30.2 | 44.7% | 48.9% | 4.11 | 25.9% | 13.3% | 23.0% | 20.0% |
| 89 | Michigan State | Big Ten | 1.95 | own 28.6 | 46.3% | 44.9% | 4.60 | 26.3% | 9.3% | 26.3% | 17.0% |
| 90 | Central Michigan | Mid-American | 1.94 | own 29.8 | 43.3% | 48.0% | 4.15 | 30.9% | 7.3% | 23.6% | 18.7% |
| 91 | Oklahoma | SEC | 1.93 | own 31.4 | 45.1% | 47.1% | 4.36 | 25.7% | 9.6% | 22.1% | 12.5% |
| 92 | Middle Tennessee | Conference USA | 1.93 | own 28.0 | 46.3% | 46.0% | 4.19 | 27.0% | 9.5% | 23.8% | 21.4% |
| 93 | Tulsa | American Athletic | 1.91 | own 28.2 | 46.5% | 50.8% | 3.77 | 27.0% | 12.7% | 23.0% | 26.2% |
| 94 | UCLA | Big Ten | 1.90 | own 26.6 | 46.1% | 48.3% | 4.07 | 21.1% | 7.9% | 22.8% | 20.2% |
| 95 | San Diego State | Mountain West | 1.88 | own 31.2 | 45.1% | 48.5% | 4.00 | 29.7% | 13.8% | 22.5% | 15.9% |
| 96 | App State | Sun Belt | 1.87 | own 27.3 | 46.9% | 49.6% | 4.00 | 32.1% | 5.1% | 24.1% | 17.5% |
| 97 | Arkansas State | Sun Belt | 1.85 | own 30.6 | 46.8% | 50.7% | 3.66 | 26.1% | 10.1% | 20.3% | 20.3% |
| 98 | Virginia Tech | ACC | 1.85 | own 27.8 | 45.8% | 44.6% | 4.28 | 24.1% | 13.4% | 22.3% | 22.3% |
| 99 | Boston College | ACC | 1.81 | own 27.7 | 47.5% | 50.8% | 3.68 | 27.9% | 10.7% | 22.1% | 26.2% |
| 100 | Colorado | Big 12 | 1.79 | own 29.2 | 41.6% | 39.1% | 4.65 | 30.4% | 13.0% | 23.2% | 19.6% |
| 101 | Troy | Sun Belt | 1.77 | own 31.1 | 39.8% | 43.0% | 4.23 | 30.2% | 8.7% | 22.8% | 22.1% |
| 102 | Kentucky | SEC | 1.77 | own 29.2 | 45.2% | 45.8% | 4.27 | 25.8% | 10.0% | 23.3% | 18.3% |
| 103 | Maryland | Big Ten | 1.74 | own 29.4 | 45.8% | 50.8% | 3.53 | 27.9% | 6.6% | 19.7% | 21.3% |
| 104 | UCF | Big 12 | 1.73 | own 26.5 | 44.5% | 44.9% | 3.98 | 28.0% | 10.2% | 21.2% | 28.0% |
| 105 | Minnesota | Big Ten | 1.72 | own 30.3 | 44.1% | 43.8% | 4.22 | 29.5% | 8.9% | 21.4% | 10.7% |
| 106 | Florida | SEC | 1.68 | own 26.9 | 46.4% | 40.9% | 4.30 | 27.8% | 8.7% | 19.1% | 21.7% |
| 107 | Fresno State | Mountain West | 1.67 | own 32.5 | 44.5% | 48.1% | 3.94 | 30.4% | 11.1% | 20.7% | 19.3% |
| 108 | North Carolina | ACC | 1.67 | own 29.5 | 40.1% | 42.7% | 4.21 | 37.3% | 6.4% | 19.1% | 12.7% |
| 109 | LSU | SEC | 1.66 | own 29.5 | 42.2% | 48.4% | 3.55 | 29.7% | 7.8% | 18.0% | 13.3% |
| 110 | Bowling Green | Mid-American | 1.66 | own 30.8 | 41.4% | 43.1% | 4.02 | 30.1% | 7.3% | 20.3% | 17.1% |
| 111 | New Mexico State | Conference USA | 1.66 | own 29.9 | 42.6% | 46.9% | 3.77 | 28.1% | 7.8% | 19.5% | 21.1% |
| 112 | San José State | Mountain West | 1.65 | own 27.6 | 47.5% | 53.6% | 3.31 | 28.0% | 11.2% | 22.4% | 29.6% |
| 113 | Kent State | Mid-American | 1.65 | own 29.6 | 41.5% | 41.3% | 4.26 | 33.9% | 10.7% | 23.1% | 19.8% |
| 114 | Georgia State | Sun Belt | 1.62 | own 25.9 | 45.0% | 43.8% | 3.83 | 25.6% | 9.1% | 21.5% | 24.0% |
| 115 | Northern Illinois | Mid-American | 1.59 | own 28.6 | 62.9% | 36.8% | 4.31 | 30.7% | 7.0% | 20.2% | 20.2% |
| 116 | Colorado State | Mountain West | 1.58 | own 26.9 | 41.1% | 39.2% | 4.04 | 37.5% | 7.5% | 20.8% | 24.2% |
| 117 | Purdue | Big Ten | 1.57 | own 26.9 | 44.0% | 48.3% | 3.38 | 29.8% | 10.5% | 19.3% | 21.9% |
| 118 | Buffalo | Mid-American | 1.56 | own 30.0 | 40.0% | 43.8% | 3.68 | 34.3% | 9.5% | 19.7% | 21.2% |
| 119 | Coastal Carolina | Sun Belt | 1.56 | own 30.4 | 38.0% | 39.3% | 4.32 | 34.7% | 7.3% | 20.0% | 17.3% |
| 120 | Akron | Mid-American | 1.55 | own 29.1 | 42.3% | 44.3% | 3.57 | 29.8% | 6.9% | 18.3% | 19.1% |
| 121 | West Virginia | Big 12 | 1.51 | own 28.6 | 39.7% | 38.8% | 4.02 | 31.3% | 7.5% | 19.4% | 23.9% |
| 122 | South Carolina | SEC | 1.48 | own 26.0 | 43.2% | 41.7% | 4.04 | 26.7% | 11.7% | 20.8% | 24.2% |
| 123 | Stanford | ACC | 1.42 | own 25.8 | 39.4% | 41.3% | 3.62 | 36.5% | 9.5% | 16.7% | 19.1% |
| 124 | Rice | American Athletic | 1.40 | own 27.0 | 37.0% | 36.8% | 4.15 | 38.4% | 6.4% | 18.4% | 19.2% |
| 125 | Oregon State | Pac-12 | 1.38 | own 28.0 | 41.9% | 39.8% | 3.59 | 29.7% | 7.0% | 18.8% | 21.9% |
| 126 | UL Monroe | Sun Belt | 1.37 | own 26.8 | 39.9% | 39.2% | 3.64 | 31.7% | 10.8% | 20.0% | 25.0% |
| 127 | Nevada | Mountain West | 1.33 | own 30.2 | 43.6% | 46.1% | 3.28 | 30.4% | 6.1% | 15.7% | 24.3% |
| 128 | UTEP | Conference USA | 1.32 | own 27.8 | 37.7% | 38.2% | 4.02 | 31.6% | 9.6% | 20.6% | 23.5% |
| 129 | Sam Houston | Conference USA | 1.26 | own 27.9 | 39.4% | 40.2% | 3.40 | 33.6% | 11.7% | 16.8% | 21.2% |
| 130 | Wisconsin | Big Ten | 1.23 | own 28.9 | 36.5% | 33.3% | 3.68 | 35.1% | 6.1% | 14.9% | 20.2% |
| 131 | Ball State | Mid-American | 1.14 | own 27.5 | 34.7% | 35.3% | 3.40 | 38.7% | 6.7% | 14.3% | 16.0% |
| 132 | Syracuse | ACC | 1.12 | own 26.4 | 37.7% | 38.0% | 3.53 | 31.8% | 3.9% | 15.5% | 25.6% |
| 133 | Wyoming | Mountain West | 1.07 | own 25.9 | 36.8% | 33.3% | 3.62 | 29.9% | 6.8% | 15.4% | 22.2% |
| 134 | Oklahoma State | Big 12 | 1.02 | own 26.0 | 33.9% | 35.5% | 3.36 | 37.9% | 3.2% | 12.9% | 21.8% |
| 135 | Charlotte | American Athletic | 0.88 | own 26.9 | 32.4% | 30.0% | 3.19 | 40.0% | 5.8% | 10.8% | 22.5% |
| 136 | Massachusetts | Mid-American | 0.88 | own 25.4 | 31.1% | 29.2% | 3.20 | 42.5% | 5.0% | 10.8% | 26.7% |
What counts as a drive
211,555 possessions counted. A drive that starts with 24 seconds left and ends in a kneel is a real row in the data and a fake possession; left in, it drags every team’s points per drive down in proportion to how often their games were already decided. Excluded here:
- end of half / game / quarter possessions
- possessions starting inside 40s of a half
- kickoff and uncategorised rows
- FBS vs FCS games
CFBD spells the same outcome four ways across seasons — FG / FG GOOD / MADE FG, DOWNS / TURNOVER ON DOWNS / POSS. ON DOWNS — so every result is normalized once at build time rather than string-matched anywhere downstream.
